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Indian Freedom Fighters

Himanshu Bhatt — Fri, 08 May 2026 05:37:30 GMT

INC's Hindu activist roots

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	;Hindu symbolism and terminology implementation		;Hindu symbolism and terminology implementation
	While major figures like Tilak popularized both Shiv Jayanti and Ganesh Chathuri as cultural nationalist inspiration to promote the freedom cause, others like Mahatma Gandhi used a lot of Hindu or Jain terminology. The usual ones were include ahimsa, dharm [sansad], Ram Rajya, sarvoday, satyagraha, and seva. Others were aparigraha, asteya, atman, Brahmacharya, nishkam karma, tapasya, and yajna.		While major figures like Tilak popularized both Shiv Jayanti and Ganesh Chathuri as cultural nationalist inspiration to promote the freedom cause, others like Mahatma Gandhi used a lot of Hindu or Jain terminology. The usual ones were include ahimsa, dharm [sansad], manav dharm, Ram Rajya, sarvoday, satyagraha, and seva. Others were aparigraha, asteya, atman, Brahmacharya, nishkam karma, tapasya, and yajna.

	==CPI's Hindu activist roots==		==CPI's Hindu activist roots==

Talk:Indian Freedom Fighters

Himanshu Bhatt — Fri, 08 May 2026 05:35:31 GMT

Later members of INC

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	\|Brahmo Samaji,<br>Prarthana Samaji (popularized the Prarthana Samaj in southern India)		\|Brahmo Samaji,<br>Prarthana Samaji (popularized the Prarthana Samaj in southern India),<br>established Madras Hindu Social Reform Association (alias 'Madras Hindu Association')
	\|-		\|-
	\|Kashinath Trimbak Telang<br>(alias 'Justice Telang')		\|Kashinath Trimbak Telang<br>(alias 'Justice Telang')
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	\|Supporter of Gandhi — coined 'Mahatma' for him, invoking Hindu reverence,<br>promoted Hindu unity in nationalism		\|Supporter of Gandhi — coined 'Mahatma' for him, invoking Hindu reverence,<br>promoted Hindu unity in nationalism
	\|-		\|-
	\|Padam Dev<br>(alias 'Pandit,' 'Kaviraj')		\|Nilakantha Das<br>(alias 'Pandit', 'Veritable Father of Orissa')
			\|Odisha
			\|Odia
			\|
			\|
			\|While imprisoned, he wrote ''Interpretation of the Gita (Hazaribagh Jail)'', and outside of jail wrote ''Gita Prabesha'' also on the Gita, and wrote books of other spiritual topics; ''Arya Jeeban'', ''Bhaktigatha'', ''Pilanka Bhagabata'', and ''Sanskruta O Sanskruti''
			\|-
			\|Padam Dev<br>(alias 'Pandit', 'Kaviraj')
	\|H.P.		\|H.P.
	\|Mahasuvi Pahari		\|Mahasuvi Pahari

Main Page

Himanshu Bhatt — Thu, 07 May 2026 21:02:40 GMT

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	* [[Who is a Hindu?]]		* [[Who is a Hindu?]]
	* [[Hindu\|Origin of the Name "Hinduism"]]		* [[Hindu\|Origin of the Name "Hinduism"]]
	* [[Overview\|Introduction to ~~Sanātan~~ Dharm]]		* [[Overview\|Introduction to Sanatan Dharm]]
	* [[Sanātan Dharm Principle]]		* [[Sanātan Dharm Principle\|Sanatan Dharm Principle]]
	* [[Ārya Samudāy\|~~Ārya~~ Family of Religions]]		* [[Ārya Samudāy\|Arya Family of Religions]]
			* [[Ideals and Values]]
			* [[Conversion]] or [[Śuddhi\|Suddhi]]
	* [[Unique Features]]		* [[Unique Features]]
	* [[Key Beliefs]]		* [[Key Beliefs]]
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	***[[Brahm]] ([[God]])		***[[Brahm]] ([[God]])
	***[[Devata\|Demigods]] ([[Deities]])		***[[Devata\|Demigods]] ([[Deities]])
	***Godly Manifesting ([[Avatara]])		***Godly Manifesting ([[Avatara\|Avatar]])
	**Salvation ([[Moksha]])		**Salvation ([[Moksha]])
	**Causation ([[Karma]])		**Causation ([[Karma]])
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	***[[Bandha, Bandhana]] and [[Ātma-māyā\|Maya]]		***[[Bandha, Bandhana]] and [[Ātma-māyā\|Maya]]
	*Psychophysical		*Psychophysical
	**[[Devayāna]]		**[[Devayāna\|Devayana]]
	**[[Principle of Transcendence]]		**[[Principle of Transcendence]]
	**[[Consciousness Studies]]		**[[Consciousness Studies]]
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	* [[Shraddha\|Faith]] and [[Dharma\|Religion]]		* [[Shraddha\|Faith]] and [[Dharma\|Religion]]
	*Lifestyle Customs		*Lifestyle Customs
	**[[Devapujā]]		**[[Devapujā\|Devapuja]]
	**[[Dinacharya]]		**[[Dinacharya]]
	**[[Snāna]]		**[[Snāna\|Snāna]]
	**[[Upavāsa]]		**[[Upavāsa\|Upavāsa]]
	**[[Vratas and Utsavas]]		**[[Vratas and Utsavas]]
	**[[Charan Sparsh]]		**[[Charan Sparsh]]
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	*Festivities		*Festivities
	** [[Festivals]]		** [[Festivals]]
	** [[Soḍaśa-samskāras]]		** [[Soḍaśa-samskāras\|Sodasha-samskaras]]
	** [[Shraddh]]		** [[Shraddh]]
	** [[Pañcāṅga\|Calendar]]		** [[Pañcāṅga\|Calendar]]
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	\| \| {{mp-topicheader-h3\|Sects}}		\| \| {{mp-topicheader-h3\|Sects}}
	* [[Spiritual Traditions]]		* [[Spiritual Traditions]]
	* [[Sampradāya\|~~Sampradāy~~]]s		* [[Sampradāya\|Sampraday]]s
	* [[Śanmatas]]		* [[Śanmatas\|Shanmatas]]
	** [[Ganpatya]]		** [[Ganpatya]]
	** [[Kaumara]]		** [[Kaumara\|Kaumar]]
	** [[Śaiva]]		** [[Śaiva\|Shaiv]]
	** [[Śākta]]		** [[Śākta\|Shakt]]
	** [[Saura]]		** [[Saura]]
	** [[Vaiśnava]]		** [[Vaiśnava\|Vaishnav]]
	* [[Folk and Tribal]]		* [[Folk and Tribal]]
	\|-		\|-

Shatata-Unnati

Himanshu Bhatt — Thu, 07 May 2026 20:53:48 GMT

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	That worship of God as a female or mother has been common since its foundation made validating female upliftment in India quicker. Prominent Western women's rights organizations implemented imagery of goddesses from their ancient cultures, like U.K.'s Women's Freedom League and National Union of Women's Suffrage Societies, and the global International Woman Suffrage Alliance, to legitimize female equality and women being in positions of power. Some Western feminists and women's rights activists, like Matilda Joslyn Gage<ref>"''While the sale of daughters was practiced in England for seven hundred years after the introduction of Christianity, we note that by the ancient law of India, a father was forbidden to sell his daughter in marriage, or receive the smallest present therefor.''"<br>- P. 79-82 ''Woman, Church and State'' (1893) By Matilda Joslyn Gage</ref> (U.S. suffragist) and Helena Petrovna Blavatsky<ref>"''The pre- and post-Vedic woman was as free as man; and no impure terrestrial thought was ever mixed with the religious symbology of the early Aryans.''"<br><br>		That worship of God as a female or mother has been common since its foundation made validating female upliftment in India quicker. Prominent Western women's rights organizations implemented imagery of goddesses from their ancient cultures, like U.K.'s Women's Freedom League and National Union of Women's Suffrage Societies, and the global International Woman Suffrage Alliance, to legitimize female equality and women being in positions of power. Some Western feminists and women's rights activists, like Matilda Joslyn Gage<ref>"''While the sale of daughters was practiced in England for seven hundred years after the introduction of Christianity, we note that by the ancient law of India, a father was forbidden to sell his daughter in marriage, or receive the smallest present therefor.''"<br>- P. 79-82 ''Woman, Church and State'' (1893) By Matilda Joslyn Gage</ref> (U.S. suffragist) and Helena Petrovna Blavatsky<ref>"''The pre- and post-Vedic woman was as free as man; and no impure terrestrial thought was ever mixed with the religious symbology of the early Aryans.''"<br><br>
	"''This is proven by the fact that in the Vedic period their women were not placed apart from men in penetralia, or ‘Zenanas.’ Their seclusion began when the Mahomedans … had conquered the land and gradually enforced their ways and customs upon the Hindus.''"<br>		"''This is proven by the fact that in the Vedic period their women were not placed apart from men in penetralia, or ‘Zenanas.’ Their seclusion began when the Mahomedans … had conquered the land and gradually enforced their ways and customs upon the Hindus.''"<br>
	- P. 379-380 ''The Secret Doctrine: Volume I'' By Helena Blavatsky </ref> (European feminist), even used the examples of Hindu goddess-worship and Hindu queens to support their examples.		- P. 379-380 ''The Secret Doctrine: Volume I'' By Helena Blavatsky </ref> (European feminist), even used the examples of [[Worship of God as Mother\|Hindu goddess-worship]] and Hindu queens to support their examples.

	===Female upliftment===		===Female upliftment===
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	;Ramakrishna Mission wing		;Ramakrishna Mission wing
	Sister Nivedita (Margaret Noble), a convert from Ireland became a disciple of [[Swami Vivekananda\|Swami Vivekanand]] and joined Aurobindo's Dawn Society and had also founded and ran girls' schools in Kolkata (i.e., Nivedita School in Baghbazar) to educate girls who had little to no access to education (i.e., poorest of the poor.) She advocated for women's intellectual and moral development, influenced by Vivekanand's vision of strong Indian womanhood. Her work included lectures, fundraising (India, England, and U.S.), and writings that promoted gender equality in access to knowledge and opportunities. She had worked with Annie Besant at times. Likewise, Sister Christine, disciple of Vivekanand, is another example of a Westerner who utilized the Ramakrishna Mission and Vivekanand's circles as vehicles for improving female rights in India.		[[Niveditā, Sister\|Sister Nivedita (Margaret Noble)]], a convert from Ireland became a disciple of [[Swami Vivekananda\|Swami Vivekanand]] and joined Aurobindo's Dawn Society and had also founded and ran girls' schools in Kolkata (i.e., Nivedita School in Baghbazar) to educate girls who had little to no access to education (i.e., poorest of the poor.) She advocated for women's intellectual and moral development, influenced by Vivekanand's vision of strong Indian womanhood. Her work included lectures, fundraising (India, England, and U.S.), and writings that promoted gender equality in access to knowledge and opportunities. She had worked with Annie Besant at times. Likewise, Sister Christine, disciple of Vivekanand, is another example of a Westerner who utilized the Ramakrishna Mission and Vivekanand's circles as vehicles for improving female rights in India.

	;INC wing		;INC wing
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	P. 147 ''Sir P. T. Rajan's Eighty Second Birthday Souvenir, 1973'' By P.T. Rajan and K. Paramasivam</ref> while encouraging caste-Hindus to better treat Dalits. His family had deep ties to the Meenakshi Amman Temple[https://maduraimeenakshi.hrce.tn.gov.in/] in Madurai, with his son (Palanivel Rajan), serving as a minister, and his daughter-in-law (Rukmani), serving as the first female chairperson of the temple's board of trustees. His predecessor Ramakrishna Ranga Rao denied that the JP was anti-Hindu and declared that it aimed to purify Hindu society from "''absurdities''" and return "''Hinduism greater and more glorious than it was in the past...''"<ref>"''As I understand it, the Self-Respect movement stands for certain great ideals to make Hinduism greater and more glorious than it was in the past, to rid it of all those absurdities which are the accretions of an unfortunate era of the past, and unite us in a solid federation so that all those who profess to follow the Hindu faith may feel that they are brethren following one of the most ancient and glorious religions of the world. No longer should the foreigner point his finger of scorn at this or that particular phase of Hinduism which belies its cosmopolitan tendency by inflicting personal hardship on classes or communities. If a few youths in their exuberant enthusiasm have been carried away beyond the bounds of Hinduism it will not do to fight shy of the new movements, but political wisdom and sagacity lie in taking them into our fold and guiding them aright along the paths of duty and rectitude.''"<br>		P. 147 ''Sir P. T. Rajan's Eighty Second Birthday Souvenir, 1973'' By P.T. Rajan and K. Paramasivam</ref> while encouraging caste-Hindus to better treat Dalits. His family had deep ties to the Meenakshi Amman Temple[https://maduraimeenakshi.hrce.tn.gov.in/] in Madurai, with his son (Palanivel Rajan), serving as a minister, and his daughter-in-law (Rukmani), serving as the first female chairperson of the temple's board of trustees. His predecessor Ramakrishna Ranga Rao denied that the JP was anti-Hindu and declared that it aimed to purify Hindu society from "''absurdities''" and return "''Hinduism greater and more glorious than it was in the past...''"<ref>"''As I understand it, the Self-Respect movement stands for certain great ideals to make Hinduism greater and more glorious than it was in the past, to rid it of all those absurdities which are the accretions of an unfortunate era of the past, and unite us in a solid federation so that all those who profess to follow the Hindu faith may feel that they are brethren following one of the most ancient and glorious religions of the world. No longer should the foreigner point his finger of scorn at this or that particular phase of Hinduism which belies its cosmopolitan tendency by inflicting personal hardship on classes or communities. If a few youths in their exuberant enthusiasm have been carried away beyond the bounds of Hinduism it will not do to fight shy of the new movements, but political wisdom and sagacity lie in taking them into our fold and guiding them aright along the paths of duty and rectitude.''"<br>
	P. 289 ''The Indian Annual Register An Annual Digest of Public Affairs of India Recording the Nation's Activities Each Year in Matters Political, Economic, Industrial, Educational, Social, Etc · Volume 2'' By Nipendra Nath Mitra (1934)</ref> Alamelu Mangai Thayarammal, conferred 'Pandithai' title by Saiva Sabha in Palamcottah, was a JP co-founder [with 29 co-founders being men] who was a Brahmo Samaji, meaning the influence of the Hindu-based organizations wasn't insignificant. Paramasivan Subbarayan Gounder, while not technically a JP member, worked with it closely, and both he and his women's rights activist wife Kailash Radhabai Kulmud were Brahmos. It is also noteworthy that [[Ascetics\|ascetic]] Swamiyar Kaivalyar who supported the party without being a member wrote pro-Shaiv material. Cattamanchi Ramalinga Reddy, an ex-member who formed his own party in 1923 was a close friend of Dr. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, and he himself engaged with Hindu texts on a literary artistic level. As Hinduism isn't a scripture-dependent religion, some JP members like A.R. Mudaliar heavily criticized certain scriptures but were devout Hindus (Vaishnav in his case.) And while orthodox opposition was present, the majority of Indians, including religious leaders, supported reforms, like when Shankaracharya of Kanchi[https://www.kamakoti.org/] supported the "Hindu Religious Endowments Bill" (1921) even while voicing some concerns in within. Mentionable is that [[Shatata-Unnati#Female upliftment\|Dr. Muthulakshmi Reddy]] wasn't part of the JP but it still nominated her in 1926 for the Madras Legislative Council to bring about positive changes.		P. 289 ''The Indian Annual Register An Annual Digest of Public Affairs of India Recording the Nation's Activities Each Year in Matters Political, Economic, Industrial, Educational, Social, Etc · Volume 2'' By Nipendra Nath Mitra (1934)</ref> Alamelu Mangai Thayarammal, conferred 'Pandithai' title by Saiva Sabha in Palamcottah, was a JP co-founder [with 29 co-founders being men] who was a Brahmo Samaji, meaning the influence of the Hindu-based organizations wasn't insignificant. Paramasivan Subbarayan Gounder, while not technically a JP member, worked with it closely, and both he and his women's rights activist wife Kailash Radhabai Kulmud were Brahmos. It is also noteworthy that [[Ascetics\|ascetic]] Swamiyar Kaivalyar who supported the party without being a member wrote pro-Shaiv material. Cattamanchi Ramalinga Reddy, an ex-member who formed his own party in 1923 was a close friend of Dr. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, and he himself engaged with Hindu texts on a literary artistic level. As Hinduism isn't a scripture-dependent religion, some JP members like A.R. Mudaliar heavily criticized certain scriptures but were devout Hindus (Vaishnav in his case.) And while orthodox opposition was present, the majority of Indians, including religious leaders, supported reforms, like when Shankaracharya of Kanchi[https://www.kamakoti.org/] supported the "Hindu Religious Endowments Bill" (1921) even while voicing some concerns in within. Mentionable is that [[Shatata-Unnati#Female upliftment\|Dr. Muthulakshmi Reddy]] wasn't part of the JP but it still nominated her in 1926 for the Madras Legislative Council to bring about positive changes.

			==References==
			*[[Women]]
			*[[Women as Rishikas in the Vedas]]
			*[[Worship of God as Mother]]

	==References==		==References==

Devadāsi

Himanshu Bhatt — Thu, 07 May 2026 20:33:53 GMT

References: added category

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	[[Category:Concise Encyclopedia of Hinduism]]		[[Category:Concise Encyclopedia of Hinduism]]
			[[Category:Females]]

Durgāṣṭamī-vrata

Himanshu Bhatt — Thu, 07 May 2026 20:32:13 GMT

added category

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	[[Category:Concise Encyclopedia of Hinduism]]		[[Category:Concise Encyclopedia of Hinduism]]
			[[Category:Females]]

Kanyā

Himanshu Bhatt — Thu, 07 May 2026 20:31:28 GMT

References: added category

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	[[Category:Concise Encyclopedia of Hinduism]]		[[Category:Concise Encyclopedia of Hinduism]]
			[[Category:Females]]

Women as Rishikas in the Vedas

Himanshu Bhatt — Thu, 07 May 2026 20:23:02 GMT

References: added category

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	==References==		==References==
	{{reflist}}		{{reflist}}

			[[Category:Females]]

Women

Himanshu Bhatt — Thu, 07 May 2026 20:22:51 GMT

Shatata-Unnati

Himanshu Bhatt — Thu, 07 May 2026 19:49:27 GMT

Hindu-led social betterment

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	What is extraordinary in the case of India is that it was the religious institutions ([[Organizations\|Hindu organizations]] and [[Hindu Post-Secondary Institutes\|schools]]) that made revolutionary changes, not normally secular or non-Hindu ones. Practicing Hindus saw that superstitious and chauvinistic practices had become institutionalized (caste system and misogyny) within Hindu society, so they formed associations to help, uplift, educate the destitute. They would even go steps further to privilege the marginalized through reservations.		What is extraordinary in the case of India is that it was the religious institutions ([[Organizations\|Hindu organizations]] and [[Hindu Post-Secondary Institutes\|schools]]) that made revolutionary changes, not normally secular or non-Hindu ones. Practicing Hindus saw that superstitious and chauvinistic practices had become institutionalized (caste system and misogyny) within Hindu society, so they formed associations to help, uplift, educate the destitute. They would even go steps further to privilege the marginalized through reservations.

	That worship of God as a female or mother has been common since its foundation made validating female upliftment in India quicker. Prominent Western women's rights organizations implemented imagery of goddesses from their ancient cultures, like U.K.'s Women's Freedom League and National Union of Women's Suffrage Societies, and the global International Woman Suffrage Alliance, to legitimize female equality and women being in positions of power. Some Western feminists and women's rights activists, like Matilda Joslyn Gage<ref>"''While the sale of daughters was practiced in England for seven hundred years after the introduction of Christianity, we note that by the ancient law of India, a father was forbidden to sell his daughter in marriage, or receive the smallest present therefor.''"<br>- P. 79-82 ''Woman, Church and State'' (1893) By Matilda Joslyn Gage</ref> (U.S. suffragist) and Helena Petrovna Blavatsky (European feminist), even used the examples of Hindu goddess-worship and Hindu queens to support their examples.		That worship of God as a female or mother has been common since its foundation made validating female upliftment in India quicker. Prominent Western women's rights organizations implemented imagery of goddesses from their ancient cultures, like U.K.'s Women's Freedom League and National Union of Women's Suffrage Societies, and the global International Woman Suffrage Alliance, to legitimize female equality and women being in positions of power. Some Western feminists and women's rights activists, like Matilda Joslyn Gage<ref>"''While the sale of daughters was practiced in England for seven hundred years after the introduction of Christianity, we note that by the ancient law of India, a father was forbidden to sell his daughter in marriage, or receive the smallest present therefor.''"<br>- P. 79-82 ''Woman, Church and State'' (1893) By Matilda Joslyn Gage</ref> (U.S. suffragist) and Helena Petrovna Blavatsky<ref>"''The pre- and post-Vedic woman was as free as man; and no impure terrestrial thought was ever mixed with the religious symbology of the early Aryans.''"<br><br>
			"''This is proven by the fact that in the Vedic period their women were not placed apart from men in penetralia, or ‘Zenanas.’ Their seclusion began when the Mahomedans … had conquered the land and gradually enforced their ways and customs upon the Hindus.''"<br>
			- P. 379-380 ''The Secret Doctrine: Volume I'' By Helena Blavatsky </ref> (European feminist), even used the examples of Hindu goddess-worship and Hindu queens to support their examples.

	===Female upliftment===		===Female upliftment===
	:''See also: [[Indian Freedom Fighters]]<br>		:''See also: [[Indian Freedom Fighters]]<br>
	;Theosophical Society wing		;Theosophical Society wing
	[[image:Paris Women's Congress.jpg\|right\|thumb\|100px\|Dr ~~Muthulakshmi with~~ 3 ~~other~~ women at the Paris Women's Congress (1926.)]]		[[image:Paris Women's Congress.jpg\|right\|thumb\|100px\|Dr. Reddy and 3 Indian women at the Paris Women's Congress (1926.)]]
	The top 3 champions who improved Indian women's political rights in the modern era were foreigners — Annie Besant, Dorothy Jinarajadasa, and Margaret Cousins. They did not tell Indian women to leave Hinduism but rather they themselves became Hindu in practice and Indian in habit. They then sought to restore the Vedic-era of womanhood wherein women had authority (i.e., to become clerics, scholars, and leaders.)		The top 3 champions who improved Indian women's political rights in the modern era were foreigners — Annie Besant, Dorothy Jinarajadasa, and Margaret Cousins. They did not tell Indian women to leave Hinduism but rather they themselves became Hindu in practice and Indian in habit. They then sought to restore the Vedic-era of womanhood wherein women had authority (i.e., to become clerics, scholars, and leaders.)

File:Paris Women's Congress.jpg

Himanshu Bhatt — Thu, 07 May 2026 19:44:04 GMT

Himanshu Bhatt uploaded File:Paris Women's Congress.jpg Retrieved from: https://www.medboundtimes.com/biography/dr-muthulakshmi-reddy-devadasi-daughter-to-doctor

New page

== Summary ==
Retrieved from:
https://www.medboundtimes.com/biography/dr-muthulakshmi-reddy-devadasi-daughter-to-doctor

Shatata-Unnati

Himanshu Bhatt — Thu, 07 May 2026 19:43:00 GMT

added image of Paris Women's Congress

Show changes

File:Alamelu.jpg

Himanshu Bhatt — Thu, 07 May 2026 01:52:52 GMT

Himanshu Bhatt uploaded File:Alamelu.jpg

New page

Shatata-Unnati

Himanshu Bhatt — Thu, 07 May 2026 01:52:31 GMT

Inspiration to Madras Presidency: added image and some details

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	;Prejudiced disgruntled castists against Arya Samaj universalism		;Prejudiced disgruntled castists against Arya Samaj universalism
	While Shahu was affiliated with the Satyashodhak Samaj, he did not feel they had any religious foundations, whereas the Arya Samaj was encompassed both a spiritual and social movement.<ref>"Beyond Reformism: Chhatrapati Shahu and Hinduism Reimagined" By Surajkumar Thube<br>P. 124-144 ''Nidān: International Journal for Indian Studies, Volume 8'', Issue 1 (July 2023)</ref> Also, the Satyashodhak Samaj was antithetical to social cohesion because it targeted the Brahman caste as an enemy, and while its main founder (Jyotirao Phule) made absurd claims like 'Shiv-Dharma'<ref>"''The real Shiv-Dharma that is ours, we are re-establishing it as Sarvajanik Satya Dharma.''"<br>Chapter 4, ''Sarvajanik Satya Pustak''</ref> or 'Mahadev-Dharma' (worship of [[Shiva\|Shiv]] as God and some local gods like Khandoba as avatars) being the true religion of Indians whereas every other Hindu belief and practice was an imposition by 'non-Indian Brahman invaders'. Being a chauvinist, he also criticized freedom fighter martyrs Lakshmi Bai, Nana Sahib, Tantia Tope for being Brahmans. It is noteworthy however, that even some prominent members supported the Arya Samaj, like Krishnarao Bhalekar (1 of the founders) defended Dayanand Saraswati (Arya Samaj’s founder), when the latter’s procession was opposed by some orthodox Hindus in Pune, and Bhalekar organized a speech to be delivered by Saraswati at a dharmshal near a Rokdoba Temple in Pune.		While Shahu was affiliated with the Satyashodhak Samaj, he did not feel they had any religious foundations, whereas the Arya Samaj was encompassed both a spiritual and social movement.<ref>"Beyond Reformism: Chhatrapati Shahu and Hinduism Reimagined" By Surajkumar Thube<br>P. 124-144 ''Nidān: International Journal for Indian Studies, Volume 8'', Issue 1 (July 2023)</ref> Also, the Satyashodhak Samaj was antithetical to social cohesion because it targeted the Brahman caste as an enemy, and while its main founder (Jyotirao Phule) made absurd claims like 'Shiv-Dharma'<ref>"''The real Shiv-Dharma that is ours, we are re-establishing it as Sarvajanik Satya Dharma.''"<br>Chapter 4, ''Sarvajanik Satya Pustak''</ref> or 'Mahadev-Dharma' (worship of [[Shiva\|Shiv]] as God and some local gods like Khandoba as avatars) being the true religion of Indians whereas every other Hindu belief and practice was an imposition by 'non-Indian Brahman invaders'. Being a chauvinist, he also criticized freedom fighter martyrs Lakshmi Bai, Nana Sahib, Tantia Tope for being Brahmans. It is noteworthy, however, is that Nana Patil, a founder of the Peasants and Workers Party of India, was affiliated with both the Satyashodhak and Prarthana associations [meaning that he, like most other Satyashodhaks didn't believe in Phule's religious ideology.] While other PWP founders Keshavrao Jedhe and Madhavrao Bagal were Satyashodhaks, they popularized Shiv Jayanti and Ganesh Chathuri. The latter and his son Vasantrao even wrote devotional pieces inspired from Bhakti Era saints (i.e., [[Tukaram]], [[Eknath]]) and valorizing pieces about Shahu. Also noteworthy is, that even some prominent members supported the Arya Samaj, like Krishnarao Bhalekar (1 of the founders) defended Dayanand Saraswati (Arya Samaj’s founder), when the latter’s procession was opposed by some orthodox Hindus in Pune, and Bhalekar organized a speech to be delivered by Saraswati at a dharmshal near a Rokdoba Temple in Pune.

	;Granting, accommodating, and expanding Arya Samaj		;Granting, accommodating, and expanding Arya Samaj
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	The biggest uplifter of the party was M.C. Rajah, who had the highest influence upon the policies that improved the lives of the Dalits in Madras Presidency. The party itself was founded primarily by 3 individuals — Sir Pitti Theagaraya Chetty (political founder who built the political machine), Taravath Madhavan Nair (ideological co-founder), and Dr. Chintadripet Natesa Mudaliar (cultural/grassroots mobilizer who helped shape cultural legitimacy.) Nair had said that Hindu society had originally possessed broader equality before caste dominance hardened it. Chetty occasionally used dharm-based ethical framing. He is consistently described as arguing that governance must align with "''dharma and justice''". The Dr. Mudaliar was a devout Shaiva that infused into the party Shaivism as a cultural identity for southerners.		The biggest uplifter of the party was M.C. Rajah, who had the highest influence upon the policies that improved the lives of the Dalits in Madras Presidency. The party itself was founded primarily by 3 individuals — Sir Pitti Theagaraya Chetty (political founder who built the political machine), Taravath Madhavan Nair (ideological co-founder), and Dr. Chintadripet Natesa Mudaliar (cultural/grassroots mobilizer who helped shape cultural legitimacy.) Nair had said that Hindu society had originally possessed broader equality before caste dominance hardened it. Chetty occasionally used dharm-based ethical framing. He is consistently described as arguing that governance must align with "''dharma and justice''". The Dr. Mudaliar was a devout Shaiva that infused into the party Shaivism as a cultural identity for southerners.
			[[image:P.T. Rajan.jpg\|right\|thumb\|200px\|P.T. Rajan (centre-right, wearing glasses next to priest), touring with the idol of [[Ayyappan\|Ayyappa]] he had made at Swamimalai Temple[https://swamimalaiswaminathar.hrce.tn.gov.in/] and it was placed in the Sabarimala Temple[https://www.sabarimalauptodate.in/].]]
	An ideologue of influence to the JP and Self-Respect Movement was Maraimalai Adigal, a Shaiv preacher and writer, who claimed that both the JP and Self-Respect Movement were from his teachings and that militant atheist Erode Venkatappa Ramasami Naicker had hijacked them. JP founder Nair died in 1919 and Chetty in 1925, so had no interaction Naicker. Ponnambala Thiaga Rajan was an active party member and disagreed with Naicker's ideology, so joined Congress-aligned politics. Mudaliar died in 1935 around the time Naicker entered the JP. Naicker was also a prejudiced castist that criticized but did not contribute to build schools and shelters for women and children, as Rajah[https://www.news18.com/opinion/opinion-m-c-rajah-the-forgotten-hindu-mahasabha-dalit-8937192.html][https://vskbharat.com/m-c-rajah-a-staunch-hindu-leader/?lang=en][https://thecommunemag.com/m-c-rajah-the-hindu-mahasabha-dalit/], a practicing Hindu of the party did. Rajah even once formed a political alliance with the Hindu Mahasabha, was the contributor. Before Rajah, the party's caste disparity was mainly about civil service occupations and education access for underprivileged castes. Rajah was recommended by Ambedkar to convert but Rajah replied there's no religion better than Hinduism.<ref>P. 92 ''The Political Evolution of Muslims in Tamilnadu and Madras, 1930-1947'' By J.B. Prashant More (1997) </ref><ref> In a public meeting of the All India Adi Dravida Mahajana Sabha in Nungambakkam, Chennai he said,<br>"''The president (of this meeting) mentioned that no other community other than us has more right to be called Hindus. Conversion will not bring about any good. By saying so, I am not undermining or wishing away the oppression and ills we have faced. We need to fight for our rights. The speed at which reforms are happening might be slow. But think about our current situation and how much it has improved. I beseech you to please abandon any move that will weaken us. I request the government to bring about the Untouchability Abolition Bill and pass it quickly. The Harijans are proud Hindus. That is the only reason why even after years of oppression by higher castes and a barrage of proselytization efforts by other religions hasn't changed their resolve being Hindus.''"<br>P. 123 ''Evolution of Hindu Nationalism - Icons of HMS, RSS & BJS'' By Sankara Narayanan T (2025)</ref> Adigal's writings had a profound impact on Subramania Ramanathan, the founder of the Self-Respect Movement, and on the Naicker but the latter only wanted pro-Tamil and castist societal changes, not promotion of Shaivism. Naicker would later break away from the party and form his own Dravidar Kazhagam, a title he copied from Adigal's Shaiv association (Podhunilak Kazhagam.) (His own pupil, Conjeevaram Natarajan Annadurai, would eventually disown him after he married his own adopted daughter, and Annadurai would leave his group.)		An ideologue of influence to the JP and Self-Respect Movement was Maraimalai Adigal, a Shaiv preacher and writer, who claimed that both the JP and Self-Respect Movement were from his teachings and that militant atheist Erode Venkatappa Ramasami Naicker had hijacked them. JP founder Nair died in 1919 and Chetty in 1925, so had no interaction Naicker. Ponnambala Thiaga Rajan was an active party member and disagreed with Naicker's ideology, so joined Congress-aligned politics. Mudaliar died in 1935 around the time Naicker entered the JP. Naicker was also a prejudiced castist that criticized but did not contribute to build schools and shelters for women and children, as Rajah[https://www.news18.com/opinion/opinion-m-c-rajah-the-forgotten-hindu-mahasabha-dalit-8937192.html][https://vskbharat.com/m-c-rajah-a-staunch-hindu-leader/?lang=en][https://thecommunemag.com/m-c-rajah-the-hindu-mahasabha-dalit/], a practicing Hindu of the party did. Rajah even once formed a political alliance with the Hindu Mahasabha, was the contributor. Before Rajah, the party's caste disparity was mainly about civil service occupations and education access for underprivileged castes. Rajah was recommended by Ambedkar to convert but Rajah replied there's no religion better than Hinduism.<ref>P. 92 ''The Political Evolution of Muslims in Tamilnadu and Madras, 1930-1947'' By J.B. Prashant More (1997) </ref><ref> In a public meeting of the All India Adi Dravida Mahajana Sabha in Nungambakkam, Chennai he said,<br>"''The president (of this meeting) mentioned that no other community other than us has more right to be called Hindus. Conversion will not bring about any good. By saying so, I am not undermining or wishing away the oppression and ills we have faced. We need to fight for our rights. The speed at which reforms are happening might be slow. But think about our current situation and how much it has improved. I beseech you to please abandon any move that will weaken us. I request the government to bring about the Untouchability Abolition Bill and pass it quickly. The Harijans are proud Hindus. That is the only reason why even after years of oppression by higher castes and a barrage of proselytization efforts by other religions hasn't changed their resolve being Hindus.''"<br>P. 123 ''Evolution of Hindu Nationalism - Icons of HMS, RSS & BJS'' By Sankara Narayanan T (2025)</ref> Adigal's writings had a profound impact on Subramania Ramanathan, the founder of the Self-Respect Movement, and on the Naicker but the latter only wanted pro-Tamil and castist societal changes, not promotion of Shaivism. Naicker would later break away from the party and form his own Dravidar Kazhagam, a title he copied from Adigal's Shaiv association (Podhunilak Kazhagam.) (His own pupil, Conjeevaram Natarajan Annadurai, would eventually disown him after he married his own adopted daughter, and Annadurai would leave his group.)
	[[image:~~P.T. Rajan~~.jpg\|right\|thumb\|200px\|~~P.T. Rajan (centre-right~~, ~~wearing glasses next to priest)~~, ~~touring with~~ the ~~idol of [[Ayyappan\|Ayyappa]] he had made at Swamimalai Temple[https://swamimalaiswaminathar.hrce.tn.gov.in/]~~.]]		[[image:Alamelu.jpg\|right\|thumb\|200px\|Alamelu Mangai Thayarammal, a Brahmo Samaji, was co-founder of the party among 29 others (all men.)]]
	The Hindu sentiment was definitely present in the JP. Many left after Naicker's hijacking. Rajan, the last leader of the JP, was the head-of-government of the Presidency, and was a big devotee a [[Ayyappan\|Swami Ayyappa]]. Rajan even solemnized a marriage of a German couple converted to Hinduism in Coimbatore (Oct 31, 1962.) He further discouraged conversion of Dalits from Hinduism to another religion<ref>"''If by mass conversion you expect to achieve your object, you will be disappointed, because of a mere change of religion it will not give you all that you want.''"<br>		The Hindu sentiment was definitely present in the JP. Many left after Naicker's hijacking. Rajan, the last leader of the JP, was the head-of-government of the Presidency, and was a big devotee a [[Ayyappan\|Swami Ayyappa]]. Rajan even solemnized a marriage of a German couple converted to Hinduism in Coimbatore (Oct 31, 1962.) He further discouraged conversion of Dalits from Hinduism to another religion<ref>"''If by mass conversion you expect to achieve your object, you will be disappointed, because of a mere change of religion it will not give you all that you want.''"<br>
	P. 147 ''Sir P. T. Rajan's Eighty Second Birthday Souvenir, 1973'' By P.T. Rajan and K. Paramasivam</ref> while encouraging caste-Hindus to better treat Dalits. His family had deep ties to the Meenakshi Amman Temple[https://maduraimeenakshi.hrce.tn.gov.in/] in Madurai, with his son (Palanivel Rajan), serving as a minister, and his daughter-in-law (Rukmani Palanivel Rajan), serving as the first female chairperson of the temple's board of trustees. His predecessor Ramakrishna Ranga Rao denied that the JP was anti-Hindu and declared that it aimed to purify Hindu society from "''absurdities''" and return "''Hinduism greater and more glorious than it was in the past...''"<ref>"''As I understand it, the Self-Respect movement stands for certain great ideals to make Hinduism greater and more glorious than it was in the past, to rid it of all those absurdities which are the accretions of an unfortunate era of the past, and unite us in a solid federation so that all those who profess to follow the Hindu faith may feel that they are brethren following one of the most ancient and glorious religions of the world. No longer should the foreigner point his finger of scorn at this or that particular phase of Hinduism which belies its cosmopolitan tendency by inflicting personal hardship on classes or communities. If a few youths in their exuberant enthusiasm have been carried away beyond the bounds of Hinduism it will not do to fight shy of the new movements, but political wisdom and sagacity lie in taking them into our fold and guiding them aright along the paths of duty and rectitude.''"<br>		P. 147 ''Sir P. T. Rajan's Eighty Second Birthday Souvenir, 1973'' By P.T. Rajan and K. Paramasivam</ref> while encouraging caste-Hindus to better treat Dalits. His family had deep ties to the Meenakshi Amman Temple[https://maduraimeenakshi.hrce.tn.gov.in/] in Madurai, with his son (Palanivel Rajan), serving as a minister, and his daughter-in-law (Rukmani Palanivel Rajan), serving as the first female chairperson of the temple's board of trustees. His predecessor Ramakrishna Ranga Rao denied that the JP was anti-Hindu and declared that it aimed to purify Hindu society from "''absurdities''" and return "''Hinduism greater and more glorious than it was in the past...''"<ref>"''As I understand it, the Self-Respect movement stands for certain great ideals to make Hinduism greater and more glorious than it was in the past, to rid it of all those absurdities which are the accretions of an unfortunate era of the past, and unite us in a solid federation so that all those who profess to follow the Hindu faith may feel that they are brethren following one of the most ancient and glorious religions of the world. No longer should the foreigner point his finger of scorn at this or that particular phase of Hinduism which belies its cosmopolitan tendency by inflicting personal hardship on classes or communities. If a few youths in their exuberant enthusiasm have been carried away beyond the bounds of Hinduism it will not do to fight shy of the new movements, but political wisdom and sagacity lie in taking them into our fold and guiding them aright along the paths of duty and rectitude.''"<br>

Hindu Political Parties

Himanshu Bhatt — Wed, 06 May 2026 23:15:11 GMT

India: added more

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	*Dharamarajya Paksha		*Dharamarajya Paksha
	*[[Guru]] Chand [[Mukti]] Morcha		*[[Guru]] Chand [[Mukti]] Morcha
			*Ekam Sanatan Bharat Dal
	*Hindu Democratic Front[https://hindudemocraticfront.org/]		*Hindu Democratic Front[https://hindudemocraticfront.org/]
	*Hindu Ekta Andolan Party		*Hindu Ekta Andolan Party
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	*Shivrajya Party		*Shivrajya Party
	*Shiv Sena		*Shiv Sena
			*Shiv Sena (UBT)

	===Parties with regional outlook===		===Parties with regional outlook===
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	*Hindu Sena (Delhi)		*Hindu Sena (Delhi)
	*Indhu Dravida Makkal Katchi (Tamil Nadu)		*Indhu Dravida Makkal Katchi (Tamil Nadu)
			*Jana Sena Party (Andhra Pradesh)
			*Maharashtra Navnirman Sena (MNS)
	*Rashtriya Hindu Sene (Karnataka)		*Rashtriya Hindu Sene (Karnataka)
	*Secular National Dravida Party (Kerala)		*Secular National Dravida Party (Kerala)

Trade and Shipping

Himanshu Bhatt — Wed, 06 May 2026 23:08:03 GMT

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	India, situated at the central point of the ocean that washes on its coast on three sides, seemed destined very early for [[a]] maritime future. In the [[Rig Veda]], [[a]] passage (I. 25.7) represents Varuna having a full knowledge of the sea routes, and another (L. 56.2) speaks of merchants going everywhere and frequenting every part of the sea for gain.		India, situated at the central point of the ocean that washes on its coast on three sides, seemed destined very early for [[a]] maritime future. In the [[Rig Veda]], [[a]] passage (I. 25.7) represents Varuna having a full knowledge of the sea routes, and another (L. 56.2) speaks of merchants going everywhere and frequenting every part of the sea for gain.
	ndian traders would set sail from the port of Mahabalipuram, carrying with them cinnamon, pepper and their civilization to the shores of Java, Cambodia and [[Bali]].		ndian traders would set sail from the port of Mahabalipuram, carrying with them cinnamon, pepper and their civilization to the shores of Java, Cambodia and [[Bali]].

			[[Category: Economics]]
			[[Category: Geography]]

Hindu Political Parties

Himanshu Bhatt — Wed, 06 May 2026 23:07:28 GMT

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			[[Category: Institutions]]

Indian Freedom Fighters

Himanshu Bhatt — Wed, 06 May 2026 23:06:51 GMT

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	{{reflist}}		{{reflist}}

			[[Category: Polity]]
			[[Category: Institutions]]
	[[Category: Politics]]		[[Category: Politics]]
	[[Category: Political parties]]		[[Category: Political parties]]

Kingdoms: Restoration of Hindu Rulership

Himanshu Bhatt — Wed, 06 May 2026 23:06:28 GMT

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Kingdoms

Himanshu Bhatt — Wed, 06 May 2026 23:06:14 GMT

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			[[Category: Institutions]]

Political History

Himanshu Bhatt — Wed, 06 May 2026 23:05:49 GMT

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	[[Category: Hindu history]]		[[Category: Hindu history]]
			[[Category: Polity]]
			[[Category: Politics]]

Rulership in Hinduism

Himanshu Bhatt — Wed, 06 May 2026 23:05:24 GMT

References: added category

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	[[Category:Buddhist philosophy]]		[[Category:Buddhist philosophy]]
	[[Category:Politics]]		[[Category:Politics]]
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Politics and Governance

Himanshu Bhatt — Wed, 06 May 2026 23:05:06 GMT

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	All Parties Hurriyat Conference in the Kashmir Valley (separatist group); Bajrang Dal (religious organization); India Against Corruption [[[Anna]] HAZAREI]; Jamiat Ulema-e Hind (religious organization); [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] [Mohan BHAGWAT] (religious organization); Vishwa [[Hindu]] Parishad [Ashok SINGHAL] (religious organization)		All Parties Hurriyat Conference in the Kashmir Valley (separatist group); Bajrang Dal (religious organization); India Against Corruption [[[Anna]] HAZAREI]; Jamiat Ulema-e Hind (religious organization); [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] [Mohan BHAGWAT] (religious organization); Vishwa [[Hindu]] Parishad [Ashok SINGHAL] (religious organization)
	other: numerous religious or militant/chauvinistic [[organizations]]; various separatist groups seeking greater communal and/or regional autonomy; hundreds of social reform, anti-corruption, and environmental groups at state and local level.		other: numerous religious or militant/chauvinistic [[organizations]]; various separatist groups seeking greater communal and/or regional autonomy; hundreds of social reform, anti-corruption, and environmental groups at state and local level.

			[[Category: Polity]]
			[[Category: Politics]]
			[[Category: Institutions]]

Arts

Himanshu Bhatt — Wed, 06 May 2026 23:01:57 GMT

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	* Sudheer Birodkar, "Ancient India's Contribution to World Culture". Reprinted with permission.		* Sudheer Birodkar, "Ancient India's Contribution to World Culture". Reprinted with permission.


			[[Category: Arts]]
			[[Category: Language arts]]
			[[Category: Aesthetic arts]]
	[[Category: Entertainment]]		[[Category: Entertainment]]

Philosophy of Indian Art and Texts

Himanshu Bhatt — Wed, 06 May 2026 23:00:46 GMT

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List of UNESCO Hindu World Heritage Sites

Himanshu Bhatt — Wed, 06 May 2026 23:00:26 GMT

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			[[Category: Aesthetic arts]]

Pilgrimages

Himanshu Bhatt — Wed, 06 May 2026 23:00:11 GMT

Jammu & Kashmir: added categories

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Temples in Europe

Himanshu Bhatt — Wed, 06 May 2026 22:59:50 GMT

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Temples

Himanshu Bhatt — Wed, 06 May 2026 22:59:35 GMT

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	[[Category: Shrines]]		[[Category: Shrines]]
	[[Category:Geography]]		[[Category:Geography]]
			[[Category: Arts]]
			[[Category: Aesthetic arts]]

Temple Types

Himanshu Bhatt — Wed, 06 May 2026 22:59:18 GMT

Temple Construction

Himanshu Bhatt — Wed, 06 May 2026 22:59:03 GMT

The ground breaking ceremony: added categories

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	A gold lid with the seven continents of the earth engraved on it is placed on top of the box following which the [[agni]]-hotra, or sanctification ceremony. During the [[agni]]-hotra the priest offers clarified butter, the symbol of religious principles, into the fire, which represents the mouth of the Cosmic Being. Along with the offering of clarified butter five types of grains-rice, wheat, barley, rye and dhal, are also offered with the chanting of mantras.		A gold lid with the seven continents of the earth engraved on it is placed on top of the box following which the [[agni]]-hotra, or sanctification ceremony. During the [[agni]]-hotra the priest offers clarified butter, the symbol of religious principles, into the fire, which represents the mouth of the Cosmic Being. Along with the offering of clarified butter five types of grains-rice, wheat, barley, rye and dhal, are also offered with the chanting of mantras.


			[[Category: Temples]]
			[[Category: Arts]]
			[[Category: Aesthetic arts]]

Sculpture

Himanshu Bhatt — Wed, 06 May 2026 22:58:05 GMT

added categories

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	The sculptures in the [[temples]] should be large enough to be seen by [[a]] large number of devotees. The permanent [[idols]] are called "[[Acala]]" or "dhruvabera" - are made of stones like granite, marble, or soapstone. The other idols or [[Utsava]] murthis are made of metal, precious stones, or wood, or clay. The most common metal images are silver, gold, or panchaloka ( five metals).		The sculptures in the [[temples]] should be large enough to be seen by [[a]] large number of devotees. The permanent [[idols]] are called "[[Acala]]" or "dhruvabera" - are made of stones like granite, marble, or soapstone. The other idols or [[Utsava]] murthis are made of metal, precious stones, or wood, or clay. The most common metal images are silver, gold, or panchaloka ( five metals).
	Wooden idols are seen only in two [[temples]]: Lord Jagannatha temple at Puri, Orissa and in [[Trivikrama]] temple at Tirukkoilur in Tamil Nadu.		Wooden idols are seen only in two [[temples]]: Lord Jagannatha temple at Puri, Orissa and in [[Trivikrama]] temple at Tirukkoilur in Tamil Nadu.

			[[Category: Arts]]
			[[Category: Aesthetic arts]]

Symbols

Himanshu Bhatt — Wed, 06 May 2026 22:57:43 GMT

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	* Namaste		* Namaste

			[[Category: Arts]]
	[[Category: Symbols]]		[[Category: Symbols]]
			[[Category: Aesthetic arts]]

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	* [[Women as Rishikas in the Vedas]]		* [[Women as Rishikas in the Vedas]]
	*[[Worship of God as Mother]]		*[[Worship of God as Mother]]


			[[Category:Females]]

	==References==		==References==
	{{reflist}}		{{reflist}}

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	[[Category: Temples]]		[[Category: Temples]]
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